Samuel.Tao's profileSamuel.T.LeePhotosBlogListsMore Tools Help

Samuel.T.Lee

Samuel.Tao LEE

Occupation
Location
Interests
We go straight and never back;
sailin' in the sea and touch the sky;to the moon and be the Giant.
No list items have been added yet.

Feed

The owner hasn't specified a feed for this module yet.
April 03

Fallacy and Truth

"The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. "Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future: it transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural & spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description. If there is any religion that would cope with modern scientific needs, it would be Buddhism."- Albert Einstein
[1954, from Albert Einstein:The Human Side, edited by Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman, Princeton University Press]

未来的宗教将是一种宇宙宗教。它将是一种超越人格化神,远离一切教条和神学的宗教。这种宗教,包容自然和精神两个方面,作为一个有意义的统一体,必定是建立在由对事物的——无论是精神,还是自然的——实践与体验而产生的宗教观念之上的。佛教符合这种特征。——爱因斯坦


出自1954年普林斯顿大学出版社出版的《Albert Einstein: The Human Side》一书



索达吉刊布在《佛教科学论》中多次引用了这个话,后来其他的书也引用此文。  今天我们就来考证一下,到底爱因斯坦有无说过这句话



考据材料 《Albert Einstein: The Human Side》 这本书实际是 1981年出的 海伦·杜卡斯 著   我找来的是 1984年世界知识出版社 翻译出版的《爱因斯坦谈人生》



还好这本书不厚,在反复找了两遍后,发现没有上面的这段话。



又 《爱因斯坦文集》 商务印书馆 1976年版三卷      也查了一遍没有发现这段话。。。。。。



基本上可以断定这句话是伪造,不是爱因斯坦说的了。



新证据

"However, we must remember that this was not WRITTEN by Einstein and only attributed to him by a biographer."

Hope this will help anyway, here i copied her answer:

"Buddhism has the characteristics of what would be expected in a cosmic religion for the future: it transcends a personal God, avoids dogmas and theology; it covers both the natural & spiritual, and it is based on a religious sense aspiring from the experience of all things, natural and spiritual, as a meaningful unity"



非常遗憾,那不是爱因斯坦说的话,只是帮他写传记的女作者写的话
September 22

高盛、摩根士丹利转型,华尔街的终结

Goldman, Morgan Scrap Wall Street Model

2008年09月22日10:39

The Federal Reserve, in an attempt to prevent the crisis on Wall Street from infecting its two premier institutions, took the extraordinary measure on Sunday night of agreeing to convert investment banks Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. into traditional bank holding companies.为了防范华尔街危机波及到两大重要金融机构,美国联邦储备委员会(Fed)周日晚间采取了一项非同一般的措施,批准摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)和高盛集团(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.)从投行转型为传统的银行控股公司。

With the move, Wall Street as it has long been known -- a coterie of independent brokerage firms that buy and sell securities, advise clients and stay less regulated than that of old-fashioned banks that take deposits and lend money -- will cease to exist. Wall Street's two most prestigious institutions will come under the close supervision of national bank regulators, subjecting them to new capital requirements, additional oversight, and far less profitability than they have historically enjoyed.这样,长久以来人们所熟知的华尔街──一群从事证券买卖、为客户提供咨询服务、同时比从事储蓄和贷款业务的传统银行受到更少监管的独立经纪公司──将告终结。华尔街上声望最高的两大金融机构将处于国家银行监管机构的严密监督之下,它们需要满足新的资本要求、接受额外的监管,盈利水平也将远不及从前。

Already, the biggest rivals of Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley -- Merrill Lynch & Co., Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns Cos. -- have merged into larger banks or sought bankruptcy protection.高盛和摩根士丹利的主要竞争对手──美林(Merrill Lynch & Co.)、雷曼兄弟控股公司(Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.)和贝尔斯登(Bear Stearns Cos.)──都已经并入规模更大的银行或是寻求了破产保护。

Becoming a bank holding company can help both companies organize their assets, and puts both in a much better position to be acquired, to merge, or to acquire smaller companies with insured deposits.成为银行控股公司将有助于两家公司组织自己的资产,它们也会在被收购、合并、或是收购有受保险存款的中小型公司中处于更有利地位。

In the short term, the agreement with federal regulators is likely to significantly slow the merger discussions Morgan Stanley had been conducting with Wachovia Corp., the Charlotte, N.C.-based banking powerhouse. Morgan Stanley had also been in advanced discussions with China Investment Corp., an investment arm of the Chinese government, to raise billions of dollars in capital. It isn't clear if such a capital infusion is still needed.短期看来,与联邦监管机构达成的协议将可能会显著放缓摩根士丹利与北卡罗来纳州的大型银行Wachovia Corp.的并购谈判。摩根士丹利还与中国投资有限责任公司(China Investment Corp.)就数十亿美元的筹资事宜进行了深入的谈判。目前不清楚是否仍需要这样的注资。

The Fed said it would also extend additional lending to the broker-dealer arms of the two firms, as well as to that of Merrill Lynch, as they make the transition. The steps effectively mark the end of Wall Street as it's been known for decades. It also formalizes a quid-pro-quo that regulators have warned about in the months after Bear Stearns' near collapse -- that in return for access to the Fed's emergency lending facilities, the firms would need to subject themselves to more oversight.在过渡时期,Fed将增加给两家公司经纪自营业务的贷款;同时Fed还将提高给美林的信贷额度。此举实际上标志着几十年来人们所熟知的华尔街的终结,并使贝尔斯登几近崩溃之后几个月中监管机构警告要实施的交换条件正式确定下来。为了能利用Fed的紧急贷款机制,这些公司必须接受更多的监管。

The conversions of Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley to bank holding companies could deal a blow to Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, who had desperately tried to preserve the existing structure of financial institutions over the last several weeks. Now, the parent companies of almost all major U.S. financial institutions will be overseen by the Federal Reserve. Sunday night's development also further expedites the ascendancy of the Fed as universal supervisor, as it now has even more direct authority over nearly all financial companies in the country.高盛和摩根士丹利向银行控股公司转型对财政部长鲍尔森来说可能是一个巨大的打击。在过去几周里,他一直竭力想保住金融机构的现有结构。如今,几乎所有美国大型金融机构的母公司都将处于Fed的监管之下。周日晚间的形势发展还进一步加速了Fed上升为全权监管机构的过程。Fed现在几乎对美国所有的金融公司都拥有更直接的管辖权。

Instead of being overseen just by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley will now face much stricter oversight from numerous federal agencies. The Federal Reserve will oversee the parent companies, the Treasury Department's Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will oversee the national bank charters, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. will likely play a bigger role because the companies are expected to seek much higher volumes of federally backed deposits.如今高盛和摩根士丹利不再只受美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的监管,而是将面临无数家联邦监管机构更为严格的监管。Fed将监管母公司,美国财政部金融局(Office of the Comptroller of the Currency)将负责国家银行特许,美国联邦存款保险公司(Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.)很可能会扮演更大的角色,因为公司们预计将寻求更多联邦支持的存款。

It had become increasingly clear to Fed officials in recent days that the investment-banking model couldn't function in these markets. Investment banks depend on short-term money markets to fund themselves, but that had become increasingly difficult, particularly in the wake of the collapse of Lehman Brothers. As bank holding companies, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs will be allowed to take customer deposits, a potentially more stable source of funding.近几天Fed官员越来越清楚地认识到,投行模式在这些市场上无法发挥作用。投行依靠短期货币市场为自己提供资金,不过通过这种方式借贷变得日益困难,尤其是在雷曼兄弟申请破产之后。作为银行控股公司,摩根士丹利和高盛将获准开展储户存款业务,这可能是一种更为稳定的资金来源。

Officials held a series of talks with Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs executives over the weekend. While Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke stayed in Washington for meetings on Capitol Hill about the government's plan to buy hundreds of. billions of dollars of distressed assets, Timothy Geithner, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Kevin Warsh, a Fed governor and former Morgan Stanley executive, worked in New York to sort out a deal with Goldman and Morgan Stanley.上周末,政府官员与摩根士丹利和高盛的高管进行了一系列磋商。Fed主席贝南克(Ben Bernanke)呆在华盛顿,在国会山召开会议,商讨政府收购数千亿美元问题资产的计划;与此同时,纽约联邦储备银行(Federal Reserve Bank of New York)行长盖纳(Timothy Geithner)和前摩根士丹利高管、现任Fed理事沃尔什(Kevin Warsh)在纽约研究与高盛和摩根士丹利的协议问题。

Officials had become more alarmed about the positions of both firms as their share prices continued to fall in recent days. One person involved in the talks said last week's bankruptcy filing by Lehman Brothers, and Merrill Lynch's agreement to be sold to Bank of America Corp., served as a wakeup call to the two investment banks. One person involved in the talks said they two firms had been flirting with the idea of becoming bank holding companies for some time, and that took on a new urgency in recent weeks.随着这两家公司的股票近几天来持续下挫,政府官员对其财务状况更为警惕。一位参与了谈判的人士说,雷曼兄弟上周申请破产,美林同意把自己卖给美国银行(Bank of America Corp.),这些对摩根士丹利和高盛来说都是当头棒喝。一位参与了会谈的人士说,这两家银行考虑成为银行控股公司的想法已经有一段时间了,不过最近几周变得更为迫切。

9月19日黄昏从布鲁克林看华尔街金融区

Morgan Stanley Chief Executive John Mack engaged in serious discussions with Wachovia Corp, whose new CEO, Robert Steel, recent left a top post at the Treasury Department, to take the reins of the regional banking powerhouse.摩根士丹利首席执行长麦晋桁(John Mack)与Wachovia Corp.进行了严肃的谈判。后者的新任首席执行长斯蒂尔(Robert Steel)最近辞去财政部的一个高级职位,入主这家大型地区银行。

Goldman -- and to a lesser extent, Morgan Stanley -- has maneuvered through the credit crisis better than other investment banks. But its business model, which relies on short-term funding, is under attack. Some stockholders worry that its strategy of making big investments with borrowed money will go wrong someday, which would make it more difficult for the firm to get favorable borrowing terms. Such problems could also prompt the firm's clients, including big hedge funds, to move their assets to other banks, including larger commercial players.与其他投行相比,高盛更好地渡过了信贷危机,摩根士丹利次之。但是高盛依赖短期融资的业务模式却受到了攻击。一些股东担心摩根士丹利借钱进行大规模投资的策略总有一天会失误,这样该行要想获得优惠的贷款条件就难上加难了。有些问题还会促使大型对冲基金等该公司的客户将其资产转移到其他银行,包括更大的商业银行。

To many analysts and investors, the Morgan Stanley and Goldman still depend too much on leverage, or the use of borrowed money, and don't set aside enough cash against the bets they make on everything from commercial mortgages to non-U.S. stocks.对很多分析师和投资者来说,摩根士丹利和高盛仍过多地依靠借款,而没有拨备更多的现金用于防范从商业抵押贷款到海外股票等各类投资的风险。

'They've been so close to a near-death experience, something needs to change,' says Glenn Schorr, a brokerage-industry analyst at UBS. Surviving as independent companies is possible only if their business models become less risky, he adds.瑞士银行(UBS)经纪行业分析师绍尔(Glenn Schorr)说,它们曾经命悬一线,有些东西必须改变。他说,只有当它们的业务模式风险没那么大的时候,它们才可能以独立公司的身份幸存下来。

Lots of commercial banks also blundered on risky mortgages, including Citigroup Inc., UBS AG and Wachovia. Their salvation has been their size and their ho-hum source of reliable funding -- bank deposits.很多商业银行也在高风险抵押贷款上栽了大跟头,包括花旗集团(Citigroup Inc.)、瑞士银行和Wachovia。它们得以存活下来的原因在于其庞大的规模和可靠的日常资金来源,也就是银行存款。

Goldman has expressed wariness about joining up with a big commercial bank. When asked about the idea on conference call Tuesday, the firm's chief financial officer, David Viniar, downplayed the attractiveness of the idea. 'It is not the business model, it is the performance that matters,' he said.高盛对与大型商业银行合并持谨慎态度。在上周二的电话会议上,当该公司首席财务长维尼尔(David Viniar)被问及这个问题的时候,他并不非常认可这个想法的吸引力。他说,重要的不是业务模式,而是绩效。

The most fundamental problem is how to generate profit growth in a world that no longer tolerates high leverage. At Merrill Lynch, the leverage ratio -- a measure of a firm's risk in relation to the equity on its balance sheet -- soared to 28 last year, from 15 in 2003, according to UBS. Morgan Stanley's leverage ratio climbed to 33, while Goldman's hit 28.最基本的问题是,在一个不再容忍华尔街过度依赖杠杆的世界,如何保持利润增长。据瑞银的数据,美林的杠杆率从2003年的15倍飙升至去年的28倍。摩根士丹利的杠杆率攀升至33倍,高盛也达到28倍。杠杆率是一个公司资产负债表上的风险与资产之比。

When markets were booming, borrowed money fueled record earnings.Investors showed few signs of concern. The ugly flip side of leverage is now obvious, and massive write-downs have shattered confidence in Wall Street's risk-management machinery.在市场繁荣时,借来的钱会帮助公司实现创纪录的收益。投资者极少表示担忧。现在,杠杆丑陋的背面显现出来了,大规模的冲销将投资者对华尔街风险管理机制的信心破坏殆尽。

Morgan Stanley and Goldman have been taking steps to reduce their leverage, but that hasn't been easy in a market where prices are dropping for many assets. It has proven difficult to find buyers for many distressed real-estate assets.摩根士丹利和高盛一直采取措施减少杠杆,但市场上的许多资产价格都节节下跌,因此减少杠杆并不容易。很多有问题的房地产资产就很难找到买家。

In contrast, Bank of America and Wachovia had leverage ratios of 11 as of the second quarter, less than half the average of the four big investment banks. The profit upside isn't as high as it is on Wall Street, but the downside isn't as steep. If a bank loses 1 billion US dollars on a loan, it has twice the capital an investment bank might have to absorb it.相比之下,美国银行(Bank of America Corp.)和Wachovia截止第二季度的杠杆率为11倍,不到四大投行平均水平的一半。它们的利润上限不如华尔街投行那么高,但亏的时候也不会像后者那样一败涂地。如果一家银行的贷款损失了10亿美元,它可能有两倍于投行的资本来吸收损失。

The ascendancy of commercial banks largely reflects their use of customer deposits to fund much of their business. Retail depositors tend not to yank their money out, even in turbulent times, thanks to backing by federal deposit insurance. Even at Washington Mutual Inc., a Seattle thrift-holding company battered by mortgage losses, deposit levels are basically unchanged so far this year.商业银行的优势很大程度上体现在它们可利用消费者的存款来为自己的大部分业务提供资金。由于有联邦存款保险担保,即使在市场动荡之时,零散储户通常也不会将存款提取出来。就连因抵押贷款损失而饱受打击的Washington Mutual Inc.今年迄今的存款水平也基本没有变化。

Still, plain-vanilla banking isn't a cure-all for what ails Wall Street. Commercial banks also run securities units that are highly leveraged and that have little to do with bank deposits. Also, the track record of so-called financial supermarkets such as Citigroup is so-so.

'It's not obvious that there's a clear economic benefit' to investment banks merging with commercial banks, says Campbell Harvey, a finance professor at Duke University然而,最基本的银行业务并非包治华尔街问题的万灵药。商业银行也有杠杆规模很大、与银行存款没有太大关系的证券部门。花旗集团这类所谓的“金融超市”这些年来的业绩也很一般。

杜克大学金融学教授哈维(Campbell Harvey)说,投行与商业银行合并并没有明显的经济效益。

Jon Hilsenrath / Damian Paletta / Aaron Lucchetti

September 12

上市公司股东发行可交换公司债券的规定

    什么是可交换债券?所谓可交换债券(Exchangeable Bonds),是指上市公司的股东依法发行、在一定期限内依据约定的条件可以交换成该股东所持有的上市公司股份的公司债券。

  可交换债券一般发生在母公司和控股的上市子公司之间,即母公司发行可转换债券,在转换期间,转换为上市的子公司股票。母公司发行债券前,需要将其持有上市子公司股票到指定机构冻结,作为可交换债券的抵押品。可交换债券的条款设计与可转债券非常相似,发行要素通常也有:票面价格、利率、换股比例、发行期限、可回售条款、可赎回条款等。

  可转换债券和可交换债券本质上没有区别,都是债券嵌入了看涨期权、修正转股期权、赎回期权、回售期权后形成的复杂衍生产品,可交换债券发行征求意见稿也指出可交换债券主要条款参照可转债发行条款执行,其中对修正条款、赎回条款、回售条款等设计和可转债相应条块设计没有实质性区别

      上市公司股东将其持有的股票抵押给托管机构(或登记结算公司)之后发行的公司债券,该债券的持有人在将来的某个时期内,能够按照约定的条件以持有的公司债券交换获取大股东发债时抵押的上市公司股权。 可交换债券与可转换债券类似,都是投资者持有债券,都可以根据市场情况决定是否换为股票。可转债转换而来的股票是原上市公司没有发行的,而可交债交换来的,则是上市公司已经发行且持有,并且托管于托管机构的股票。在欧洲国家,可交换债券被广泛应用于普通融资、减持股权套利以及并购的资本项目中,其形式也在不断创新中,发行人在国内和国外发行可交换债券,标的股票也可以是国内或者国外的发行人所持股权。大股东减持公司股票多用可交换债券这种方式,避免有关股票因大量抛售而股价受到太大的冲击;而很多企业为了提高透明度和向其他方向发展,都会发行此类债券以解除公司之间互相控制的情况。
    在中国香港,和记黄埔就曾两度发行可交换债券以减持沃达丰(Vodafone),而这两度减持都平稳完成。
    在美国,可交换债券发展很迅速,在1980年它还只占与权益相联的债券6%的比重,但是到1998年,它已经占到了50%的份额。

 

上市公司股东发行可交换公司债券的规定

  (征求意见稿)

  为规范上市公司股东发行可交换公司债券的行为,根据《公司债券发行试点办法》,就有关事项规定如下:

  一、持有上市公司股份的股东,可以由保荐人保荐,并向中国证监会申请发行可交换公司债券。

  可交换公司债券是指上市公司的股东依法发行、在一定期限内依据约定的条件可以交换成该股东所持有的上市公司股份的公司债券。

  二、申请发行可交换公司债券,应当符合下列规定:

  (一)申请人应当是符合《公司法》、《证券法》规定的有限责任公司或者股份有限公司;

  (二)公司组织机构健全,运行良好,内部控制制度不存在重大缺陷;

  (三)公司最近一期末的净资产额不少于人民币三亿元;

  (四)公司最近三个会计年度实现的年均可分配利润不少于公司债券一年的利息;

  (五)本次发行债券的金额不超过预备用于交换的股票按募集说明书公告日前二十个交易日均价计算的市值的百分之七十,且应当用预备交换的股票为本次发行的公司债券设定质押担保;

  (六)经资信评级机构评级,债券信用级别良好;

  (七)不存在《公司债券发行试点办法》第八条规定的不得发行公司债券的情形。

  三、预备用于交换的上市公司股票应当符合下列规定:

  (一)该上市公司最近一期末的净资产不低于人民币十五亿元,或者最近三个会计年度加权平均净资产收益率平均不低于百分之六。扣除非经常性损益后的净利润与扣除前的净利润相比,以低者作为加权平均净资产收益率的计算依据;

  (二)用于交换的股票在约定的换股期间应当为无限售条件股份,且股东在约定的换股期间转让该部分股票不违反其对上市公司或者其他股东的承诺。

  四、可交换公司债券的期限最短为一年,最长为六年,面值每张人民币一百元,发行价格由上市公司股东和保荐人通过市场询价确定。

  募集说明书可以约定赎回条款,规定上市公司股东可以按事先约定的条件和价格赎回尚未换股的可交换公司债券。

  募集说明书可以约定回售条款,规定债券持有人可以按事先约定的条件和价格将所持债券回售给上市公司股东。

  五、可交换公司债券自发行结束之日起十二个月后方可交换为预备交换的股票,债券持有人对交换股票或者不交换股票有选择权。

  公司债券交换为每股股份的价格应当不低于募集说明书公告日前三十个交易日上市公司股票交易价格平均值的百分之九十。募集说明书应当事先约定交换价格及其调整原则。

  六、可交换公司债券的发行程序,按照《公司债券发行试点办法》第三章的规定办理。

  债券受托管理和债券持有人权益保护事项,按照《公司债券发行试点办法》第四章的规定办理。

  可交换公司债券的信用评级事项,按照《公司债券发行试点办法》第十条的规定办理。

  除用预备交换的股票设定质押担保外,发行人为本次发行的公司债券另行提供担保的,按照《公司债券发行试点办法》第十一条的规定办理。

  七、在可交换公司债券发行前,公司债券受托管理人应当就预备用于交换的股票与上市公司股东签订股票质押合同,并向证券登记结算机构办理股票质押登记,取得股票质押权权利证明文件。所质押股票及其孳息用于债券持有人按照约定条件交换股份和对债券提供质押担保。当债券持有人部分或者全部未选择换股且上市公司股东到期未能清偿债务时,所质押股票转让所得的价款及其孳息优先用于清偿对债券持有人的负债。

  八、申请发行可交换公司债券,应当按照本规定的要求编制申请文件,按照《证券法》的规定持续公开信息。编制募集说明书除应参照《公开发行证券的公司信息披露内容与格式准则第23号——公开发行公司债券募集说明书》外,还应参照上市公司发行可转换公司债券募集说明书摘要的有关要求披露上市公司的重要信息。

  九、拥有上市公司控制权的股东发行可交换公司债券的,应当合理确定发行方案,不得通过本次发行直接将控制权转让给他人。持有可交换公司债券的投资者因行使换股权利增持上市公司股份的,或者因持有可交换公司债券的投资者行使换股权利导致拥有上市公司控制权的股东发生变化的,相关股东应当履行《上市公司收购管理办法》规定的义务。

  十、可交换公司债券的上市交易、登记结算等事项,按照证券交易所和证券登记结算机构的有关规定办理。

  十一、本规定未尽事项,按照中国证监会的其他有关规定办理。

  十二、本规定自发布之日起实施。

  附录:发行可交换公司债券申请文件目录

  一、相关责任人签署的募集说明书

  二、保荐人出具的发行保荐书

  三、股票质押合同和股票质押权权利证明文件

  四、评级机构出具的债券资信评级报告;

  五、公司债券受托管理协议和公司债券持有人会议规则;

  六、担保合同(如有)、抵押财产的资产评估文件(如有)

  七、其他重要文件

September 08

债务成本--WACC加权平均资本成本重要因素之一

债务成本

出自 MBA智库百科(http://wiki.mbalib.com/)

债务成本(Cost of Debt)

目录

[隐藏]

[编辑]

什么是债务成本

  债务成本是指企业举债(包括金融机构贷款和发行企业债券)筹资而付出的代价。

  在企业不纳所得税的情况下,它就是付给债权人利息率;在企业缴纳所得税的情况下,它等于利息率乘以(1-税率)。

[编辑]

债务成本的计算

  债务成本的计算方法是:利息支出 乘以(1-税率),再除以为偿付余额。 注意分母上必须包含所有的债务交易费用,如债务获取费用、贴水等。

  (一)简单债务的税前成本

P_0=\sum^{N}_{i=1}\frac{P_i+I_i}{(1+K_d)^i}  求Kd(债务成本)

   式中:P0债券发行价格或借款的金额,即债务的现值

Pi本金的偿还金额和时间;

Ii -债务的约定利息

Kd -债务成本;

      N-债务的期限,通常以年表示。

  (二)含有手续费的税前债务成本

P_0(1-F)=\sum^{n}_{i=1}\frac{P_i+I_i}{(1+K_d)^i}  求Kd(债务成本)

     式中:F-发行费用占债务发行价格的百分比。

  (三)含有手续费的税后债务成本

  1、简便算法

  税后债务成本 K_{at}=K_d\times(1-t)

  式中:t-所得税税率。

  这种算法是不准确的。只有在平价发行、无手续的情况下,简便算法才是成立的。

  2、更正式的算法

P_0(1+F)=\sum^{N}_{i=1}\frac{P_i+I_i\times(1-t)}{(1+K_{dt})^i}  求Kd(债务成本)

[编辑]

债务成本的内容

  债务成本包括长期储款成本,债务筹资成本。由于债务的利息均在税前支付,具有抵税功能,因此企业实际负担的利息为:利息×(1-税率)。

[编辑]

债务成本与储款成本的区别

  债务成本与储款成本主要差别在于:

  一是其筹资费用较高,因此不能忽略不计;

  二是债务发行价格与其面值可能存在差异,从而在计算时按预计发行的价格的定价方法来确定其资本成本,从财务含义上也就是先确定该债务的投资报酬章(内含报酬率IRR)然后确定其资本成本。

[编辑]

债务成本的形成

  债务成本的形成有两方面因素,一方面是由于企业债务过重,经营效益又不好,当处于财务拮据状态时,将产生财务拮据成本;另一方面是为使企业为股东谋利,达到企业价值最大化需要花费代理费用。代理费用使企业经营灵活性减少,效率降低以及监督费用增加而构成代理成本。财务拮据成本和代理成本的增大,都会抵消因负债税收屏蔽作用而增加的企业价值。因此,在筹资的税收筹划过程中,税收成本的降低与控制企业的财务风险经营风险必须紧密结合在一起,不能盲目追求长期负债的高比例,而应在降低税收成本与减少财务风险之间寻求企业的最优负债量,从而在保证安全的前提下最大限度地降低税收成本。由此可以得出:

  1、负债筹资是成本最低的筹资方式。在企业的各项资金来源中,由于债务资金的利息在企业所得税前支付,而且,债权人比投资者承担的风险相对较小,要求的报酬率较低,因此,债务资金的成本通常是最低的。由于可以降低企业所得税负担,因而负债筹资可降低综合资本成本,增加企业收益。

  2、成本最低的筹资方式,未必是最佳筹资方式。由于财务拮据成本和代理成本的作用和影响,过度负债会抵消减税增加的收益。因为,随着负债比重的增加,企业利息费用在增加,企业丧失偿债能力的可能性在加大,企业的财务风险在加大。这时,无论是企业投资者还是债权人都会要求获得相应的补偿,即要求提高资金报酬率,从而使企业综合资本成本大大提高。

  3、最优资本结构是一种客观存在。负债筹资的资本成本虽然低于其它筹资方式,但不能用单项资本成本的高低作为衡量的标准,只有当企业总资本成本最低时的负债水平才是较为合理的。因此,资本结构在客观上存在最优组合

 
Photo 1 of 1

Windows Media Player